Despite the fact that modern doctors are ready to work real miracles, resuscitate seriously ill patients and give them a second chance at a happy and long life, there are still diseases against which medicine remains powerless. Sometimes doctors cannot provide effective assistance because the patient seeks it late. A rather dangerous pathology is the disease popularly called anemia. The disease bears this name not because the volume of blood in the human body is too small, but because laboratory testing reveals that the composition of the blood undergoes serious changes, in particular, the number of red blood cells decreases significantly. Of course, such changes provoke a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. By identifying such critical indicators, doctors inform the patient that he has a fairly common pathology affecting the circulatory system, such as anemia.
With hypochromic anemia, red blood cells acquire a bright red hue.
Hyperchromic anemia develops when hemoglobin levels decrease slightly, and at the same time the number of red blood cells becomes critically low. They acquire a bright red tint, for this reason this type of anemia is called hyperchromic.
Microcytic anemia - what is it?
Red blood cells are the largest group of blood cells. There are millions of them in one drop of blood. They have the shape of biconcave disks, diameter - from 7 to 8 microns, volume - from 80 to 100 femtoliters.
With microcytic anemia, the body produces a lot of red blood cells, which are not up to normal in size and, accordingly, perform their functions worse - microcytes. The diagnosis of “microcytic anemia” is made if there are many small (less than 6 microns) red blood cells: more than 25%.
Blood test results show MCV (mean erythrocyte volume) below normal at 80 fl. Microcytic anemias are caused by various conditions that prevent the body from producing enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the most important component of blood.
It helps oxygen travel to your tissues and gives your blood cells their red color.
Iron deficiency causes most microcytic anemias. After all, the body needs iron to produce hemoglobin. .
But other conditions can cause microcytic anemias. Therefore, in order to cure microcytic anemia, the underlying cause must be diagnosed.
Symptoms of microcytic anemia
Mild microcytic anemia may not manifest itself in any way. Symptoms often appear only in the severe stage, when the lack of normal red blood cells has already significantly affected the oxygen supply to the organs.
General symptoms of microcytic anemia include the following signs:• chronic fatigue, weakness, fatigue;• loss of endurance;• shortness of breath;• impaired taste;• dry mouth, formation of a stick;• atrophy of the tongue papillae, tingling, change in its color;• dizziness;• pale skin;• frequent nausea, vomiting;• feeling of a lump in the throat, difficulty swallowing
If you experience any of these symptoms and they do not go away within two weeks, make an appointment with your doctor. But it's worth making an appointment with your doctor as soon as possible if you experience severe dizziness or shortness of breath.
Types and causes of microcytic anemia
Microcytic anemias can be divided into three types depending on the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. They can be hypochromic, normochromic and even hyperchromic.
Hypochromic microcytic anemias
Hypochromic anemia - this concept means that red blood cells contain less hemoglobin than usual. Under a microscope, you can see that the red color of the blood cells is paler than normal. In microcytic hypochromic erythrocytes, the red blood cells are both smaller and paler than normal.
MCV is below normal, MCHC is below normal. Most microcytic anemias are hypochromic. They can be of the following types:
Iron deficiency anemia: The most common cause of microcytic anemia is a deficiency of iron in the blood.
Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by several factors:
• insufficient intake of iron from food, usually as a result of dietary patterns. Followers of vegetarian and vegan diets, as well as weight loss diets, often encounter this.• Chronic lack of vitamins B12, B9, A, C, folic acid.• Inability to absorb iron due to certain conditions, such as celiac disease or Helicobacter pylori infection.• chronic loss of blood due to frequent or heavy periods in women or diseases associated with bleeding. This may include upper gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration or inflammatory bowel disease• pregnancy or active breastfeeding
Thalassemia. This is a type of anemia caused by a hereditary abnormality. This disease involves “breakdowns” in the genes necessary for the normal production of hemoglobin.
Sideroblastic anemia. Sideroblastic anemia can be inherited due to a gene mutation (congenital), or acquired. In this disease, the body cannot effectively integrate iron into one of the components needed to produce hemoglobin.
Normochromic microcytic anemias
The term “normochromic anemia” implies that blood cells contain a normal amount of hemoglobin. Upon laboratory examination, it is noticeable that their shade of red is not too pale or too dark.
This type of anemia is characteristic of inflammation and chronic diseases.
Here are some reasons that can cause this condition:• Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, endocarditis, hepatitis• Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or diabetes• Kidney disease
• oncology
Hyperchromic microcytic anemias
Hyperchromic anemia means that there is more hemoglobin in the red blood cells than normal. This gives them a deeper shade of red than normal, which can be seen in in vitro studies. MCV is below normal, MCHC is above normal. Hyperchromic microcytic anemia is rare and poorly studied.
It is known that in some very rare cases, it can be caused by genetic diseases that cause the appearance of unusually shaped red blood cells, for example:
• Congenital spherocytic anemia , also known as hereditary spherocytosis or Minkowski-Choffard disease.
In this disorder, the red blood cell membrane may not form properly. “Defective” red blood cells—spherocytes—appear. If normally an erythrocyte has the shape of a thin disk, then a spherocyte is thicker or even round.
It is worth noting that with this disease, anemia can be normochromic, and in mild cases it can be completely absent.
• Sickle cell anemia
• Homozygous hemoglobin C disease
Other causes of microcytic anemia
Other causes of microcytic anemia may be the following:• lead poisoning (can occur in chemical industries, when using lead paints)• copper deficiency• excess zinc, which causes copper deficiency• alcohol consumption
• drug use
Diagnosis of microcytic anemia
Microcytic anemia is often first noticed based on the results of a complete blood count. To clarify the diagnosis, a peripheral blood smear is usually used. This test can detect early microcytic and macrocytic changes in red blood cells.
Hypochromia, normochromia, or hyperchromia? This can also be seen using a blood smear test. The general practitioner may refer the patient to a hematologist - a specialist who works with blood disorders. You may also need tests for celiac disease and the bacterial infection Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori).
Alarming symptoms such as abdominal pain are indications for a more thorough examination:
• Abdominal ultrasound• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy• Abdominal CT scanIn very advanced cases, microcytic anemia can become dangerous if left untreated. It can cause tissue hypoxia and a host of problems, including• low blood pressure, also called hypotension• coronary artery problems• pulmonary complications• shock
These effects are more common in older people who already have pulmonary or cardiovascular disease.
Treatment of microcytic anemia
To cure microcytic anemia, you need to eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Treatment can be relatively simple and quick when the problem is caused by iron deficiency.
If so, try to make your diet more balanced and varied.
Include iron-rich foods in your menu:• meat, especially red meat, liver• egg yolk• legumes• cocoa, chicory• mushrooms
• dried fruits such as raisins and apricots, dates
Two interesting facts that are important to know: – Iron in animal products is absorbed much better than from plant foods.
On the other hand, in order for iron to be well absorbed, it is still useful to eat more fruits, vegetables and berries containing vitamin C. – Coffee, tea, grains, bran and calcium-rich foods inhibit the absorption of heme (animal origin) iron.
The doctor may recommend additional supplements of iron and vitamin C (which helps iron to be absorbed) and an algorithm for further examination.
If test results do not return to normal after a few days with good nutrition, you need to look for another reason for the deviations. You should take hormone tests, check your liver, thyroid gland, and heart.
Source: https://allinteresting.ru/mikrocitarnaja-anemija-chto-jeto/
Macrocytic anemia: types, causes, diagnosis and treatment
One of the most common conditions in hematology and other areas of medicine is macrocytic anemia, a syndrome that is accompanied by changes in the size of red blood cells. Macrocytic anemia itself is not an independent disease, but is a consequence of various conditions, dietary errors, and lifestyle.
What is macrocytic anemia
The presence of macrocytes is a characteristic sign of macrocytic anemia
Macrocytic anemia (macrocytosis) is a type of anemia characterized by an increase in the size of red blood cells of more than 10 microns (according to some authors - from 8 microns). Red blood cells whose size exceeds 12 microns are called megalocytes.
Distinctive features of macrocytes are:
- big sizes,
- decreased concentration of hemoglobin and iron,
- deterioration of the ability to carry oxygen,
- decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood,
- accelerating the timing of their destruction.
Types of macrocytic anemia
Megaloblast in blood smear
All macrocytoses are divided into 2 large groups:
- Megaloblastic - appear due to a deficiency of microelements and B vitamins. The main laboratory signs of this type of anemia are the presence of megalocytes, destroyed red blood cells in the intracerebral substance, and a decrease in platelet levels.
- Non-megaloblastic - caused by liver pathology. Most often accompany myelodysplastic syndrome.
Also, all macrocytic anemias are divided into forms depending on the level of reticulocytes (precursors of red blood cells) in the blood:
- normoregenerative - the number of reticulocytes is normal;
- hyporegenerative - the concentration of reticulocytes is reduced, and accordingly, there will be an insufficient number of red blood cells in the blood;
- hyperregenerative - increased content of reticulocytes in the blood.
Also, all macrocytic anemias are divided into primary (hereditary, idiopathic) and secondary (symptomatic).
Characteristics of the disease
Macrocytosis on blood smear
In hematological practice, macrocytic anemia is diagnosed most often in children of different ages and young women.
Experts have described three main mechanisms for the occurrence of macrocytic anemia in patients of any age.
Enhancing normal red blood cell formation
The precursors of red blood cells, reticulocytes, and their juvenile forms acquire abnormal sizes that exceed those of healthy red blood cells. Oxygen deficiency occurs as enlarged cells lose their ability to transport it.
Hypoxia, in turn, is a signal for the hematopoietic system, which intensifies the synthesis of reticulocytes to compensate for the lack of oxygen. Such processes are characteristic of chronic hypoxia and prolonged menstruation.
Changes in membrane properties lead to the death of red blood cells
Increase in the area of the outer membrane of red blood cells
Any pathological condition in which there is an increase in the concentration of blood lipids causes the development of macrocytosis. This occurs due to the fact that lipids “collect” on the surface of red blood cells.
Third-party pathological effects on red blood cells lead to an increase in their size, loss of function and rapid death.
The rate of synthesis of new red blood cells does not ensure their proper quantity in the blood, since the rate of destruction of macrocytes increases significantly.
DNA synthesis disorder
If, during the process of differentiation of cells of the erythroid series, disruptions in the formation of DNA molecules occur at various stages, the result of such disruptions is the formation of megaloblasts and their circulation in the blood. An example of such anemia is anemia caused by deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B12.
Causes of anemia
Hypothyroidism as a cause of macrocytic anemia
In order for macrocytic anemia to develop in the human body, certain reasons are needed that can change the normal process of hematopoiesis.
The main trigger factors for macrocytic anemia are:
- pregnancy, when the consumption of vitamins and microelements increases;
- unbalanced diet;
- heredity;
- lack of folic acid (vitamin B9), vitamins B, C, copper;
- malignant and benign formations in the liver parenchyma;
- cancer of any location;
- hypofunction of the thyroid gland;
- alcoholism;
- smoking;
- pathology of hematopoietic processes;
- poisoning by poisons, drugs of various groups (especially anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives);
- bleeding;
- hemolytic anemia;
- leukemia;
- myelodysplastic syndrome;
- sideroblastic anemia of an idiopathic nature;
- acute malignant erythromyelosis;
- diseases of the digestive system in which absorption processes are disrupted;
- dysbacteriosis;
- metabolic disorders;
- disruption of iron transport processes;
- congenital diseases characterized by iron deficiency;
- hemodialysis.
Signs and symptoms
Tinnitus is a nonspecific sign of anemia
The gradual development of macrocytic anemia in most cases causes the absence of clinical symptoms at the onset of the disease.
As the condition progresses, signs appear that are not strictly specific to macrocytosis itself.
The most common complaints of patients with macrocytic anemia are the following:
- general weakness, weakness, fatigue, increased fatigue;
- weight loss;
- pale skin, which becomes yellow as the health condition worsens;
- dry skin, increased fragility of hair nails;
- loss of appetite;
- drowsiness;
- headaches, dizziness, tinnitus;
- diarrhea alternating with constipation;
- depression, nervousness;
- decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate;
- redness and/or swelling of the tongue (glossitis);
- tingling, discomfort in the upper and lower extremities, especially the fingers;
- memory impairment;
- abdominal pain of various localization and nature;
- dyspnea;
- infertility;
- threat of spontaneous abortion.
“Tingling” in the fingers is a possible sign of megalobeast anemia
Often the course of macrocytic anemia is cyclical, with periods of exacerbations and remissions. This allows a person to “get used” to his condition, which leads to untimely diagnosis and treatment of the pathological condition.
With macrocytosis caused by B12 deficiency, neurological symptoms come first. Patients experience peripheral neuropathies, dementia, and spinal cord destruction.
A distinctive sign of a lack of folic acid and macrocytic anemia in this case is the pronounced exhaustion of patients and retraction of the tissues of the temporal regions of the head.
Diagnostics
Gastroscopy is an instrumental method for diagnosing the cause of anemia
The general diagnostic algorithm for macrocytic anemia is:
- general detailed analysis of peripheral blood,
- general urine analysis,
- blood test for vitamin B12 and folic acid levels,
- gastroscopy.
For macrocytic anemias of a hypo- and normoregenerative nature, differential diagnosis of B12, folate deficiency anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome is carried out. This requires a blood test for B12 and folic acid levels. Quite rarely, a simultaneous decrease in the concentration of two vitamins is observed, which is characteristic of malabsorption syndrome.
If vitamin levels in the blood serum are normal, a bone marrow puncture and cytogenetic study of clonal chromosomal abnormalities are required.
Detection of macrocytic anemia of a hyperregenerative nature requires differential diagnosis between hemolytic and acute posthemorrhagic anemia.
Treatment of macrocytic anemia
Treatment is aimed at the identified cause of anemia
Treatment of macrocytosis can be carried out at home or in the hospital, which depends on the severity of the pathological process and the risk to the life of patients.
The main therapeutic approaches to eliminating pathology are as follows:
- injection administration of B12, B9;
- diet with increased animal proteins;
- symptomatic treatment;
- refusal of nicotine and alcohol;
- blood transfusions;
- bone marrow transplantation.
The success of treating macrocytic anemia is directly proportional to the successful treatment of the underlying causes of macrocytosis.
Possible complications
Folate deficiency adversely affects fetal development
Like any pathological condition, macrocytic anemia with delayed diagnosis and lack of adequate therapy can cause a number of complications.
Lack of hemoglobin leads to oxygen deficiency. The body tries to compensate for this condition by increasing blood flow to tissues and organs.
Constant wear and tear of the heart leads to the formation of heart failure, enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly), and severe arrhythmias. Any of these complications can result in death at any time.
Also, the progression of macrocytic anemia can lead to complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer, liver failure, and atherosclerosis.
A deficiency of cyanocobalamin (B12) can cause the following complications:
- infertility,
- malignant processes of the gastrointestinal tract,
- abnormal development of the nervous system in the fetus,
- amnesia.
A lack of folic acid can lead to:
- heart and vascular diseases,
- placental rupture,
- untimely delivery,
- carcinoma of the digestive tract,
- abnormalities of fetal development.
Prevention
Regular visits will help avoid complications during pregnancy
The main principles for the prevention of macrocytic anemia are a complete balanced diet, rich in animal proteins, systematic monitoring of blood tests and the content of vitamins B12 and B9, monitoring of the general condition and well-being (especially in hereditary forms), and proper management of pregnancy.
Timely diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures will allow you to reliably monitor your health status and avoid the development of complications.
Source: https://gidanaliz.ru/bolezn/anemii/makrocitarnaya-anemiya.html
Features of the disease during pregnancy
Vitamin deficiency associated with a lack of folic acid is common in women carrying a child. It is B12 and cyanocobalamin that are necessary for the proper course of pregnancy and the development of the unborn child.
It is important to know! The need for B9, B12 doubles. With active progression and severe form, anemia provokes premature birth, lack of weight in the baby, placental abruption, and intrauterine bleeding.
Problems in pregnant women
Macrocytic hyperchromic anemia
One of the most common conditions in hematology and other areas of medicine is macrocytic anemia, a syndrome that is accompanied by changes in the size of red blood cells. Macrocytic anemia itself is not an independent disease, but is a consequence of various conditions, dietary errors, and lifestyle.
Enhancing normal red blood cell formation
The precursors of red blood cells, reticulocytes, and their juvenile forms acquire abnormal sizes that exceed those of healthy red blood cells.
Oxygen deficiency occurs as enlarged cells lose their ability to transport it.
Hypoxia, in turn, is a signal for the hematopoietic system, which intensifies the synthesis of reticulocytes to compensate for the lack of oxygen. Such processes are characteristic of chronic hypoxia and prolonged menstruation.
Changes in membrane properties lead to the death of red blood cells
Hyperchromic anemia
Hyperchromic anemia (anemia) is a disease in which there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood. At the same time, the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) also fails.
In medicine, there are 2 types of this type of anemia: megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic. The reasons will vary depending on what type is diagnosed. The megaloblastic species is characterized by a disruption in the production of DNA and RNA.
Causes of hyperchromic anemia (megaloblastic type):
- Presence of MDS syndrome. This is a type of bone marrow disease that occurs due to mutations in the blood stem cell.
- It may develop due to the use of certain medications, for example, Zidovudine, Azathioprine.
- AIDS
Non-megaloblastic anemia is a disease in which DNA production occurs normally and there are no megaloblasts in the bone marrow. This anemia may occur due to:
- Liver diseases;
- Various tumors;
- Alcohol addiction;
- Diseases of the thyroid gland.
Clinical manifestations
Symptoms of hyperchromic anemia:
- A sick person's appearance changes, pallor is observed, the skin of the face becomes yellowish, and gray hair appears early.
- With physical activity, weakness quickly sets in and fatigue sets in.
- The patient has nervous disorders and malfunctions of the digestive system. Tests reveal abnormalities in the tissues that produce blood cells.
- Patients pay attention to pain and burning at the end of the tongue.
- The mucous membrane changes its color as the disease develops; it appears pale and has a yellow tint.
- There may be bleeding from the gums and red spots on the cheeks.
- Attention should be paid to the patient's tongue. Sometimes it becomes glossy. Painful, bright red spots may appear on it. If they merge with each other, then the entire tongue becomes bright red, and it hurts when moving. Subsequently, the patient loses the ability to sense taste.
Source: https://med-perevozka.ru/voprosy-k-doktoru/makrocitarnaya-giperhromnaya-anemiya.html
Myelodysplastic syndrome
A separate case of diagnosis is myelodysplastic syndrome, which appears after a fight against cancerous tumors, radiation (possibly after several sessions), chemotherapy or due to blood leukemia. Diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome occurs using the same blood card, but a blood clotting disorder is identified there.
Treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome
In this case, shortness of breath, cardiac tachycardia and high fatigue, which appears with any physical activity, and possibly severe dizziness, are added to other symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome. In addition, symptoms that are characteristic of radiation and chemotherapy are added (nausea, lack of appetite, increased body temperature, etc.).
Hyperchromic anemia: causes, symptoms, treatment methods
The materials are published for informational purposes only and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you consult a hematologist at your medical institution!
Co-authors: Natalya Viktorovna Markovets, hematologist
Hyperchromic anemia occurs in both adults and children. Its peculiarity is the preservation of a high level of hemoglobin while the number of red blood cells decreases. Hyperchromic anemia differs from other types of anemia, and therefore requires a special approach to treatment and prevention.
- What it is
- Causes and types
- Treatment methods
Hyperchromic anemia is a special form of anemia. It differs in the analysis indicators and the nature of its occurrence. It is necessary to consider in more detail the features of this disease.
Reduction in the number of red blood cells in hyperchromic anemia
What it is
First, let's look at what it is. The disease, known as hyperchromic anemia, is characterized by maintaining a high level of hemoglobin while simultaneously reducing the number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood.
Features of the disease
Important: a decrease in the number of red blood cells may be associated with impaired oxygen metabolism and destruction of blood cells due to excessive accumulation of iron.
This type of anemia has the following symptoms:
- pale skin;
- redness of the tongue;
- lowering blood pressure;
- spots before the eyes;
- visual impairment;
- deviations in taste perception;
- numbness of the limbs;
- increased heart rate;
- dyspnea;
- loss of smell;
- weakness;
- irritability;
- gait disturbance.
Symptoms affect the digestive, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, and the disease also negatively affects the entire body. Internal organs suffer, and signs of intoxication may occur. Anemia is especially dangerous for pregnant women, as it affects the development of the fetus.
Causes and types
Hyperchromic anemia is distinguished by the fact that it is provoked directly by internal factors. The causes of the disease may be:
- liver and gastrointestinal diseases;
- problems with alcohol;
- violations of the absorption of vitamins and minerals (folic acid and other B vitamins, iron);
- unbalanced diet;
- pregnancy period;
- chronic diseases;
- poisoning with poisons and toxins;
- tumors;
- influence of drugs;
- improper work and rest schedule;
- congenital malfunctions of the body.
There are several types of this disease associated with a specific cause of development:
- B12-deficient;
- folate deficiency;
- myelodysplastic;
- medicinal.
It will also be useful for you to learn about microcytic hypochromic anemia on our website.
Types of hyperchromic anemia
Macrocytic hyperchromic anemia is characterized by the formation of megaloblasts. These are enlarged red blood cells that are unable to carry oxygen.
The most common pathologies are those associated with a deficiency of vitamins B9 and B12. A thorough blood test and examination of the patient will determine the likely cause of the disorder. Based on the data obtained, the doctor prescribes a treatment regimen.
Treatment methods
Direct treatment of such anemia consists of eliminating health problems that could provoke the disease, as well as correcting the patient’s diet and rest.
The following groups of drugs are prescribed:
- iron-containing medications;
- folic acid;
- injections of cyanocobalamin intramuscularly (vitamin B12).
Additionally, the deficiency of substances is replenished through a special diet. It is necessary to introduce buckwheat, green vegetables and leafy salads, eggs, meat and fish, and milk into the diet.
We also recommend that you pay attention to the article: “Iron deficiency anemia in adults”
It is necessary to eliminate the deficiency of B vitamins, including B12
It is also recommended to give up alcohol, spend more time in the fresh air, and eat large amounts of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Advice: during the treatment period, regularly see your doctor and donate blood to monitor its composition.
If hyperchromic anemia is acquired, with proper nutrition and treatment of diseases of the internal organs, the problem can be overcome in a few months. If you have a congenital form, be regularly examined and monitor your health.
We recommend studying similar materials:
- 1. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children: what is missing and how it manifests itself
- 2. Causes and dangers of increased basophil levels in children
- 3. Reasons for an increase or decrease in neutrophils in a blood test in children?
- 4. Functions and possible causes of pathologies of segmented neutrophils
- 5. Low level of total bilirubin in the blood: reasons for the decrease
- 6. Normal bilirubin levels in newborns and children: reasons for the increase
- 7. Lymphocytes in a child are increased or decreased: causes and consequences of deviations
Source: https://MoyaKrov.ru/bolezni/anemiya/prichiny-giperhromnoy-anemii/
Prevention
To minimize the risk of developing the disease, you need to monitor the correctness of your daily diet and try to lead a healthy lifestyle. Products with vitamins and minerals are important for the body - this is the key to good health and the absence of pathologies.
Caffeine interferes with the absorption of iron, so you should not abuse drinks containing it.
Prevention
Preventive measures also include:
- regular examination by a specialist;
- avoidance of contact with chemicals;
- frequent walks;
- maintaining a healthy lifestyle;
- feasible sports activities.
Hyperchromic anemia: macrocytic, what is it, causes
Hyperchromic anemia (anemia) is a disease in which there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood. At the same time, the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) also fails.
Are you having any problem? Enter “Symptom” or “Name of the disease” into the form, press Enter and you will find out all the treatment for this problem or disease. The site provides reference information.
Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious doctor. Any medications have contraindications.
Consultation with a specialist is required, as well as detailed study of the instructions! Here you can make an appointment with a doctor.
Causes
In medicine, there are 2 types of this type of anemia: megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic. The reasons will vary depending on what type is diagnosed. The megaloblastic species is characterized by a disruption in the production of DNA and RNA.
As a result of a malfunction in the bone marrow, cells called megaloblasts appear.
Causes of hyperchromic anemia (megaloblastic type):
- Presence of MDS syndrome. This is a type of bone marrow disease that occurs due to mutations in the blood stem cell.
- It may develop due to the use of certain medications, for example, Zidovudine, Azathioprine.
- AIDS
Non-megaloblastic anemia is a disease in which DNA production occurs normally and there are no megaloblasts in the bone marrow. This anemia may occur due to:
- Liver diseases;
- Various tumors;
- Alcohol addiction;
- Diseases of the thyroid gland.
Acute phase
If the disease manifests itself in the acute phase, then the symptoms are more serious.
This can be severe intoxication or bleeding in the internal organs.
Anemia (acute phase) is manifested by the following symptoms:
- The skin looks pale.
- Increased heart rate.
- Low blood pressure.
- Changes in blood vessels.
- Possible internal bleeding.
- Increased intoxication of all organs.
- Unreasonable irritation, nervous condition.
- Weakened vision, dizziness.
- Weak hair and brittle nails.
Macrocytic form
Macrocytic anemia is one of the varieties of hyperchromic anemia. This form of the disease can be transmitted genetically, from parents to heirs.
The disease can spread to those who lead an unhealthy lifestyle, suffer from liver disease, have an unbalanced diet or are addicted to alcohol.
This form of anemia does not affect the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. There are other reasons for its development:
- The body lacks vitamins B, C, and especially B12, copper and folic acid;
- Liver cancer;
- Thyroid diseases;
- Pregnancy, when the entire female body is rebuilt;
- When taking medications that affect liver function;
In these conditions, the development of anemia will be a secondary factor, and its treatment should be carried out in conjunction with the treatment of the underlying disease.
It is important to identify the primary cause that caused the disease. For example, if the cause is pregnancy, and there is hope that after childbirth the blood composition will return to normal, then all measures will be aimed at maintaining the patient’s normal condition.
https://feedmed.ru/bolezni/krovi-krovetvoreniya/giperhromnaya-anemiya.html
If there is a suspicion of leukemia, then completely different measures will be taken. Signs of anemia are approximately the same for all types.
But macrocytic hyperchromic anemia is somewhat different from others and has the following symptoms:
- Pale lips and burning sensation on the tongue;
- Painful feeling in the stomach;
- Light nail color;
- The appearance of insomnia, dizziness, fatigue;
- Increased heart rate;
- Yellowing skin.
It is possible to determine that a patient suffers from this type of anemia only after testing the blood, urine and folic acid levels in the blood.
Doctors determine the cause of macrocytic anemia and prescribe comprehensive treatment.
To treat this type of anemia, medicine uses blood transfusions, injections of folic acid and vitamin B12, and prescribes a diet with foods rich in animal proteins.
Possible complications
Anemia is considered a dangerous pathology due to the following reasons:
- The body can supply the organs with oxygen for a long time even against the background of anemia, so the disorder is diagnosed too late to fully restore health.
- Lack of oxygen in the blood provokes oxygen starvation, causing degeneration of tissues and organs.
- Anemia is almost always accompanied by serious diseases - inflammation, infections, oncology.
- Anemia threatens a woman and her child during pregnancy.
Complications
There are no precise medical data regarding complications of macrocytic anemia. But we can say for sure that all negative consequences are associated with an increase in the diameter of red blood cells.
Interesting observation! In patients with jaundice and hepatitis, macrocytosis is often detected, which develops secondary to an increase in cholesterol in the membrane of blood cells.
Regardless of the origin of the disease - hereditary or acquired - with timely organization of therapy, in most cases it is possible to prevent dangerous consequences. With anemia, the nervous system suffers greatly, the patient becomes irritable, memory and thought processes deteriorate. In addition, the disease contributes to a lack of oxygen in the brain and its parts.
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